Economics in the Age of Algorithms

“Economics in the Age of Algorithms,” AEA Papers and Proceedings 115 (2025): 1–23.

What Has a Foundation Model Found? Using Inductive Bias to Probe for World Models

“What Has a Foundation Model Found? Using Inductive Bias to Probe for World Models,” with Keyon Vafa and, Ashesh Rambachan, International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2025.

Using Large Language Models to Promote Health Equity

“Using Large Language Models to Promote Health Equity” with Pierson, Emma, Shanmugam, Divya, Movva, Rajiv, Kleinberg, Jon, Agrawal, Monica, Dredze, Mark, Ferryman, Kadija, Gichoya, Judy Wawira, Jurafsky, Dan and Koh, Pang Wei, NEJM AI 2.2 (2025): AIp2400889.

Large language models: An applied econometric framework

“Large language models: An applied econometric framework,” with Rambachan, Ashesh, 2025, NBER Working Papers 33344, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

Do financial concerns make workers less productive

“Do financial concerns make workers less productive?” with Kaur, Supreet, Oh, Suanna and Schilbach, Frank, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 140.1 (2025): 635–689.

Potemkin Understanding in Large Language Models

“Potemkin Understanding in Large Language Models,” with Marina Mancoridis, Bec Weeks and, Keyon Vafa, International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2025.

What’s Producible May Not Be Reachable: Measuring the Steerability of Generative Models

“What’s Producible May Not Be Reachable: Measuring the Steerability of Generative Models” with Keyon Vafa, Sarah Bentley and, Jon Kleinberg, arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.17482 (2025).

The challenge of understanding what users want: Inconsistent preferences and engagement optimization

“The challenge of understanding what users want: Inconsistent preferences and engagement optimization” with Kleinberg, Jon and Raghavan, Manish, Management Science 70.9 (2024): 6336–6355. Journal Version. Also appeared in ACM EC (2022), Exemplary Applied Modeling Track Paper.

The unreasonable effectiveness of algorithms

“The unreasonable effectiveness of algorithms” with Ludwig, Jens and Rambachan, Ashesh, AEA Papers and Proceedings 114 (2024): 623–627.

Evaluating the world model implicit in a generative model

“Evaluating the world model implicit in a generative model” with Vafa, Keyon, Chen, Justin, Rambachan, Ashesh and Kleinberg, Jon, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 (2024): 26941–26975.

Do large language models perform the way people expect? Measuring the human generalization function

“Do large language models perform the way people expect? Measuring the human generalization function” with Vafa, Keyon and Rambachan, Ashesh, International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2024.

Machine learning as a tool for hypothesis generation

“Machine learning as a tool for hypothesis generation” with Ludwig, Jens, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 139.2 (2024): 751–827.

Language generation in the limit

“Language generation in the limit” with Kleinberg, Jon, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 (2024): 66058–66079.

Does counting change what counts? Quantification fixation biases decision-making

“Does counting change what counts? Quantification fixation biases decision-making” with Chang, Linda W, Kirgios, Erika L and Milkman, Katherine L, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121.46 (2024): e2400215121.

A Scarcity Literature Mischaracterized with an Empirical Audit

“A Scarcity Literature Mischaracterized with an Empirical Audit,” with Anuj Shah, Eldar Shafir and Jiaying Zhao, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023).

Human bias in algorithm design

“Human bias in algorithm design” with Morewedge, Carey K, Naushan, Haaya F, Sunstein, Cass R, Kleinberg, Jon, Raghavan, Manish and Ludwig, Jens O, Nature Human Behavior 7.11 (2023): 1822–1824.

Automating Automaticity: How the Context of Human Choice Affects the Extent of Algorithmic Bias

“Automating Automaticity: How the Context of Human Choice Affects the Extent of Algorithmic Bias,” with Amanda Agan, Diag Davenport and Jens Ludwig, NBER working paper, 30981, February 2023.

Use large language models to promote equity

“Use large language models to promote equity” with Pierson, Emma, Shanmugam, Divya, Movva, Rajiv, Kleinberg, Jon, Agrawal, Monica, Dredze, Mark, Ferryman, Kadija, Gichoya, Judy Wawira, Jurafsky, Dan and Koh, Pang Wei, arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.14804 (2023).

Measuring the Completeness of Economic Models

“Measuring the Completeness of Economic Models,” with Drew Fudenberg, Jon Kleinberg and Annie Liang, Journal of Political Economy, 130(4), 2022.

Fragile Algorithms and Fallible Decision-Makers: Lessons from the Justice System

“Fragile Algorithms and Fallible Decision-Makers: Lessons from the Justice System,” with Jens Ludwig, Journal of Economic Perspectives 35.4 (2021): 71-96.

On the Inequity of Predicting A While Hoping for B

“On the Inequity of Predicting A While Hoping for B,” with Ziad Obermeyer, AEA Papers and Proceedings. Vol. 111. 2021.